Apr. 3, 2013 ? New genetic factors that predispose to schizophrenia have been uncovered in five families with several affected relatives. The psychiatric disorder can disrupt thinking, feeling, and acting, and blur the border between reality and imagination.
Dr. Debby W. Tsuang, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, and Dr. Marshall S. Horwitz, professor of pathology, both at the University of Washington in Seattle, led the multi-institutional study. Tsuang is also a staff physician at the Puget Sound Veterans Administration Health Care System.
The results are published in the April 3 online edition of the JAMA Psychiatry.
Loss of brain nerve cell integrity occurs in schizophrenia, but scientists have not worked out the details of when and how this happens. In all five families in the present study, the researchers found rare variants in genes tied to the networking of certain signal receptors on nerve cells distributed throughout the brain. These N-methyl-D-aspartate, or NMDA, receptors are widespread molecular control towers in the brain. They regulate the release of chemical messages that influence the strength of brain cell connections and the ongoing remodeling of the networks.
These receptors respond to glutamate, one of the most common nerve-signaling chemicals in the brain, and they are also found on brain circuits that manage dopamine release. Dopamine is a nerve signal associated with reward-seeking, movement and emotions. Deficits in glutamate and dopamine function have both been implicated in schizophrenia but most of the medications that have been developed to treat schizophrenia have targeted dopamine receptors.
Tsuang and her groups' discovery of gene variations that disturb N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor networking functions supports the hypothesis that decreased NMDA receptor-mediated nerve-signal transmissions contributes to some cases of schizophrenia.
Tsuang pointed out that several hallucinogenic drugs, such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP, or angel dust), block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and can produce symptoms similar to schizophrenia. These are the strongest evidence implicating these receptors in schizophrenia. The drugs sometimes induce psychosis and terrifying sensory detachment. Reports of such effects in recreational drug users fingered faulty NMDA receptor networks as suspects in schizophrenia.
In all five of their study families, Tsuang's team detected rare protein-altering variants in one of three genes involved with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor network. One of the genes, GRM5, is directly linked with glutamate signaling. In the other two genes, the links are indirect and connected through other proteins synthesized in brain cells. One of these proteins, PPEF2, appears to affect the levels of certain brain nerve-cell signaling mediators, and the other altered protein, LRP1B, may compete with a normal protein for a binding spot on a subunit of the NMDA receptor.
These discoveries provide additional clues to the molecular disarray that might occur in the brain nerve cells of some patients with schizophrenia, and suggest new targets for therapy for certain patients. In a disease occurring in about 1 percent of the population, the picture of how and why schizophrenia arises in all these people is far from complete.
"Disorders like schizophrenia are likely to have many underlying causes," Tsuang noted. She added that it might eventually make sense to divide schizophrenia into categories based, for example, on which biochemical pathways in the brain are disrupted. Treatments might be developed to correct the exact malfunctioning mechanisms underlying various forms of the disease.
Tsuang gave an example: Agents that stimulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated nerve-signal transmissions include glycine-site blockers and glycine-transport inhibitors have shown some encouraging results in pre-clinical drug trials, but mostly in adjunctive treatment in addition to standard antipsychotic therapy.
"But perhaps the data we have generated will help pharmaceutical companies target specific subunits of the NMDA receptors and pathways," Tsuang said. She added, however, that effective treatments may lag by many years after these kinds of discoveries. Someday it may make sense to initiate such treatments in people at high genetic risk when early symptoms, such as apathy and lack of motivation, appear, and before brain dysfunction is severe.
Also, possessing the newly discovered gene mutations does not always mean that a person will become schizophrenic. In the recent family study, three of the five families had relatives with the protein-altering variants who did not have schizophrenia.
"This isn't surprising," Tsuang observed, "Given that schizophrenia is such a complex disorder, we would expect that not everyone who carries the variants would develop the disease." In the future, researchers will be seeking what triggers the gene variants into causing problems, other mutations within affected individuals' genetic profile that might promote or protect against disease, as well as non-genetic factors in the onset of the illness in genetically susceptible people.
The researchers also utilized a strategy and selected more distant relatives of affected individuals for genetic sequencing. Distant kin share, a smaller proportion of genes compared to closely related family members. For example,siblings typically on the average share about 50 percent of their genes whereas cousins on the average share 12.5 percent of their genes. The researhers also hypothesized that the causative mutation within each family would be the same variant.
This strategy helped the researchers decrease the number of genetic variants that were detected by sequencing and thereby concentrate only on the remaining strongest candidates. The researchers also filtered their results against the many publicly available sequencing databases. This allowed them to pick out genetic variants not seen in individuals without psychiatric illness.
According to Tsuang, the research team was excited by recent advances in technology enabled them to uncover unknown, rare genetic variants not previously found in large populations without psychiatric condition. The ability to rapidly sequence only those portions of the genome that code for proteins made this experiment possible.
The next step for the researchers will be to screen for the newly discovered genetic variants in a large sample of unrelated cases of schizophrenia compared to controls. They want to determine if the variants are statistically associated with the disease.
The study was funded by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Independent Investigator Award, National Institute of Mental Health at the National Institutes of Health, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
In addition to Tsuang and Horwitz, the first author on this publication is Andrew Timms, postdoctoral fellow in Horwitz' laboratory and second author is Michael O. Dorschner of the UW Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Puget Sound Veterans Administration Health Care System.
Other scientists on the study were Jeremy Wechsler and Robert Kirkwood, of the UW Department of Pathology; Carl Baker and Evan Eichler of the UW Department of Genome Sciences; and Olena Korvatska of the UW Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics; Kyu Yeong Choi and Katherine W. Roche, of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health; Santhosh Girirajan of the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Anthropology at Pennsylvania State University.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Washington. The original article was written by Leila Gray.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Timms AE, Dorschner MO, Wechsler J, et al. Support for the N -Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction Hypothesis of Schizophrenia From Exome Sequencing in Multiplex Families. JAMA Psychiatry, 2013; DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1195
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/s_ykesGcGtM/130403200212.htm
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Carson Britt and Matthew Drake convinced everyone with their onstage demo of Laser Mountain at the Disrupt NY Hackathon. They attached Android phones to the Nerf guns (that TechCrunch gave away yesterday) to recreate a laser tag game with a real-time score server. After receiving the Nerf guns, they started working right away on Laser Mountain. “We already had the domain name lasermoutain.com, so we didn’t have a choice,” Britt said. When asked why they bought this domain, Drake answered, “I pick up domains all the time.” The Android phones track movements using the built-in gyroscopes and then transmit the information to a Node.js server. To register when someone is firing, they use the phone’s microphones and the Nerf gun’s loud firing noise. Last night, the team of two didn’t sleep at all to finish their hack on time for the onstage demo. It wasn’t their first hackathon but it was the first time at the Disrupt Hackathon. But it’s not the end for Laser Mountain. “We are going to Kickstarter it,” Drake said. With fewer than 24 hours of development, the team is certainly talented enough to succeed. You should watch the two developers play laser tag onstage: